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• Shi, Jianjun With the advances made in computer technology and efficiency of numerical algorithms over last decade, the MPC strategies have become quite popular among control community. However, application of MPC or GPC to flexible space structure control has not been explored adequately in the literature. The work presented in this thesis primarily focuses on application of GPC to control of nonlinear flexible space structures. This thesis is particularly devoted to the development of various approximate dynamic models, design and assessment of candidate controllers, and extensive numerical simulations for a realistic multibody flexible spacecraft, namely, Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO)---a Prometheus class of spacecraft proposed by NASA for deep space exploratory missions. A stable GPC algorithm is developed for Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO) systems.
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An end-point weighting (penalty) is used in the GPC cost function to guarantee the nominal stability of the closed-loop system. A method is given to compute the desired end-point state from the desired output trajectory. The methodologies based on Fake Algebraic Riccati Equation (FARE) and constrained nonlinear optimization, are developed for synthesis of state weighting matrix. This makes this formulation more practical.
A stable reconfigurable GPC architecture is presented and its effectiveness is demonstrated on both aircraft as well as spacecraft model. A representative in-orbit maneuver is used for assessing the performance of various control strategies using various design models. Different approximate dynamic models used for analysis include linear single body flexible structure, nonlinear single body flexible structure, and nonlinear multibody flexible structure. The control laws evaluated include traditional GPC, feedback linearization-based GPC (FLGPC), reconfigurable GPC, and nonlinear dissipative control.
These various control schemes are evaluated for robust stability and robust performance in the presence of • Elfatih G. HAMDI 2015-06-01 Full Text Available The performance and dynamic stability issues of flight control systems are still considered one of the most challenging design problems even though all of significant advances that have been happened in UAVs in the two last decades. This paper is devoted to design a flight control system to stabilize the attitude of small UAV against additive uncertainties. Toward this objective, structured robust control framework is considered. The design procedure is performed using two control configurations: The single degree of freedom (SDOF controller is considered and then followed by the two degree of freedom (TDOF controller to achieve some advantages.
In SDOF configuration the entire set of all stabilizing controllers are, graphically, computed and then the controller parameter are, arbitrary, selected. A trade-off between designs requirements in SDOF controller determines the use of the TDOF controller. Therefore, the obtained parameters from SDOF controller are taken as initial guess and tuned using TDOF decentralized control to achieve the pre-determined performance specifications, while guarantee pre-determined robust stability. The obtained results clarify the ability of the designed controller to achieve an adequate level of stability and performance properties. • Muhamed Turkanovic 2015-02-01 Full Text Available Today’s databases store information with sensitivity levels that range from public to highly sensitive, hence ensuring confidentiality can be highly important, but also requires costly control. This paper focuses on the inference problem on different database structures. It presents possible treats on privacy with relation to the inference, and control methods for mitigating these treats.
The paper shows that using only access control, without any inference control is inadequate, since these models are unable to protect against indirect data access. Furthermore, it covers new inference problems which rise from the dimensions of new technologies like XML, semantics, etc. 1978-01-01 The novel idea presented is based on the observation that if a structure is controlled by distributed systems of sensors and actuators with limited authority, i.e., if the controller is allowed to modify only moderately the natural modes and frequencies of the structure, then it should be possible to apply root perturbation techniques to predict analytically the behavior of the total system.
Attention is given to the root perturbation formula first derived by Jacobi for infinitesimal perturbations which neglect the induced eigenvector perturbation, a more general form of Jacobi's formula, first-order structural equations and modal state vectors, state-space equations for damper-augmented structures, and modal damping prediction formulas. • Kiriazov, P. [Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia (Bulgaria). Of Mechanics 1998-10-01 This study is addressed to design problems of controlled mechanical structures (CMS) like robot manipulators and engineering systems with active vibration control that may be subject to arbitrary disturbances. Along with the basic design requirement for strength/load capacity, additional design criteria for CMS are needed to meet the continuously increasing demands for faster response, improved precision and reduced energy consumption.
As a CMS is a functionally directed assembly of mutually influencing components: control, actuator, mechanical, and sensor subsystems, a conceptual framework for their integrated design is required. Parameters of these subsystems influencing the dynamic performance of CMS define a matrix that transfers the control inputs into the controlled outputs (accelerations). This transfer matrix plays the key role in the integrated structure-control design. We consider the design optimization problem for CMS having decentralized control architecture. An integrated design criterion for such systems is proposed which is based on optimal trade-off relations between bounds of model uncertainties and control force limits. Optimizing this criterion leads to CMS with maximum degree of robustness. The approach proposed makes it possible a decomposition of the overall design problem into design problems for the CMS`s components.
The design concepts are applied to the mechanical subsystem of planar linkage systems. Robust decentralized controllers are designed for a two-degree-of-freedom manipulator with elastic joints. (orig.) • Brown, Ari D.; Chuss, David T.; Chervenak, James A.; Henry, Ross M.; Moseley, s. Harvey; Wollack, Edward J.
2010-01-01 We have designed, fabricated, and tested compact radiative control structures, including antireflection coatings and resonant absorbers, for millimeter through submillimeter wave astronomy. The antireflection coatings consist of micromachined single crystal silicon dielectric sub-wavelength honeycombs. The effective dielectric constant of the structures is set by the honeycomb cell geometry. The resonant absorbers consist of pieces of solid single crystal silicon substrate and thin phosphorus implanted regions whose sheet resistance is tailored to maximize absorption by the structure.
We present an implantation model that can be used to predict the ion energy and dose required for obtaining a target implant layer sheet resistance. A neutral density filter, a hybrid of a silicon dielectric honeycomb with an implanted region, has also been fabricated with this basic approach.
These radiative control structures are scalable and compatible for use large focal plane detector arrays. • Briggs, Hugh C.; Layman, William E. 1989-01-01 The Control Structure Interaction Program is a technology development program for spacecraft that exhibit interactions between the control system and structural dynamics. The program objectives include development and verification of new design concepts (such as active structure) and new tools (such as a combined structure and control optimization algorithm) and their verification in ground and possibly flight test. The new CSI design methodology is centered around interdisciplinary engineers using new tools that closely integrate structures and controls.
Verification is an important CSI theme and analysts will be closely integrated to the CSI Test Bed laboratory. Components, concepts, tools and algorithms will be developed and tested in the lab and in future Shuttle-based flight experiments. The design methodology is summarized in block diagrams depicting the evolution of a spacecraft design and descriptions of analytical capabilities used in the process. The multiyear JPL CSI implementation plan is described along with the essentials of several new tools.
A distributed network of computation servers and workstations was designed that will provide a state-of-the-art development base for the CSI technologies. • 1984-07-31 systems with hybrid (lumped and distributed) structure.
* -3.Development of stabilizing control strategies for nonlinear distributed models, including.process, but much more needs to be done. El.It;, '.-.,-,o’,.4.: ') Part I::i: ’i' ’' Wierner-Hopf Methods for Design of Stabilizing. Control Systems:: Z’'.-- -~...............- ~... **.*% - * 5*55 *....%% ’ *. -A • Pan, Yujian; Li, Xiang 2014-01-01 Temporal networks are such networks where nodes and interactions may appear and disappear at various time scales. With the evidence of ubiquity of temporal networks in our economy, nature and society, it's urgent and significant to focus on its structural controllability as well as the corresponding characteristics, which nowadays is still an untouched topic. We develop graphic tools to study the structural controllability as well as its characteristics, identifying the intrinsic mechanism of the ability of individuals in controlling a dynamic and large-scale temporal network.
Classifying temporal trees of a temporal network into different types, we give (both upper and lower) analytical bounds of the controlling centrality, which are verified by numerical simulations of both artificial and empirical temporal networks. We find that the positive relationship between aggregated degree and controlling centrality as well as the scale-free distribution of node's controlling centrality are virtually independent of the time scale and types of datasets, meaning the inherent robustness and heterogeneity of the controlling centrality of nodes within temporal networks. • 无 2000-01-01 This paper proposes a method of using multi- controllers to control supermaneuverable aircraft.
A nonlinear dynamic-inversion controller is used for supermaneuver. A gain-scheduled controller is used for routine maneuver. A switch algorithm is designed to switch the controllers. The flight envelopes of the controllers are different but have a common area in which the controllers are switched from one to the other. In the common area, some special boundaries are selected to decide switch conditions.
The controllers all use vector-thrust for lower velocity maneuver control. Unlike the variation- structure theory to use a single boundary, this paper uses two boundaries for switching between the two controllers. One boundary is used for switching from dynamic-inversion to gain-scheduling, while the other is used for switching from gain-scheduling to dynamic-inversion.
This can effectively avoid the system vibration caused by switching repeatedly at a single boundary. The method is very easy for engineering.
It can reduce the risk of design of the supermaneuverable aircraft. • Juelsgaard, Morten; Totu, Luminita Cristiana; Shafiei, Seyed Ehsan 2013-01-01 This work addresses the problem of maintaining the balance between consumption and production in the electricity grid when volatile resources, such as wind and sun, account for a large percentage of the power generation.
We present control structures for Smart Grid balancing services on three. The Elder Scrolls V Skyrim Keygen Download Free there. • Yang, Fan; Nielson, Hanne Riis to PEPA programs, the approximating result is very precise. Based on the analysis, we also develop algorithms for validating the deadlock property of PEPA programs. The techniques have been implemented in a tool which is able to analyze processes with a control structure that more than one thousand states.
• Juang, Jer-Nan 1990-01-01 Progress at the NASA Langley Research Center in the area of control experiments for flexible structures is described. First the author presents the experimental results for a linear model which represents slewing maneuvers of a generic space station solar panel carried out to evaluate experimentally some control technologies. Then the status of the rotational/translational maneuvering experiment of a flexible steel panel carried by a translation cart is presented.
Finally, experimental results of the NASA minimast testbed using velocity command stepper motors as reaction mass reactors are shown. All the test configurations are briefly described, including actuator and sensor, test setup, and test software. The status of some research activities oriented primarily to the experimental methods for control of flexible structures is presented.
• Briggs, Hugh C. 1990-01-01 The JPL Control/Structure Interaction Program is developing new analytical methods for designing micro-precision spacecraft with controlled structures. One of these, the Conceptual Design Tool, will illustrate innovative new approaches to the integration of multi-disciplinary analysis and design methods. The tool will be used to demonstrate homogeneity of presentation, uniform data representation across analytical methods, and integrated systems modeling. The tool differs from current 'integrated systems' that support design teams most notably in its support for the new CSI multi-disciplinary engineer. The design tool will utilize a three dimensional solid model of the spacecraft under design as the central data organization metaphor.
Various analytical methods, such as finite element structural analysis, control system analysis, and mechanical configuration layout, will store and retrieve data from a hierarchical, object oriented data structure that supports assemblies of components with associated data and algorithms. In addition to managing numerical model data, the tool will assist the designer in organizing, stating, and tracking system requirements. • Kim, Sunjung Thin-walled structures such as stiffened panels fabricated out of high strength materials are ubiquitous in aerospace structures. These are prone to buckle in a variety of modes with strong possibility of adverse interaction under axial compression and/or bending.
Optimally designed stiffened panels, at an appropriate combination of axial compression and suddenly applied lateral pressure undergo large amplitude oscillations and may experience divergence. Under aerodynamic loading, they can experience flutter instability with the amplitudes of oscillations attaining a limit (LCO) or escalating without any limit. Control of structures prone to these forms of instability using piezo-electric actuators is the theme of this dissertation. Issues involved in the control of stiffened panels under axial compression and liable to buckle simultaneously in local and overall modes are studied. The analytical approach employs finite elements in which are embedded periodic components of local buckling including the second order effects.
It is shown that the adverse effects of mode interaction can be counteracted by simply controlling the overall bending of the stiffener by piezo-electric actuators attached its tips. Control is exercised by self-sensing actuators by direct negative feedback voltages proportional to the bending strains of the stiffener. In a dynamic loading environment, where vibrations are triggered by suddenly applied lateral pressure, negative velocity feedback is employed with voltages proportional to the bending strain-rate.
The local plate oscillations are effectively controlled by a piezo-electric actuators placed along the longitudinal center line of the panel. The problem of flutter under aerodynamic pressure of stiffened panels in the linear and post-critical regimes is studied using modal analysis and finite strips. The analysis, control and interpretation of the response are facilitated by identification of two families of characteristic modes of • Meirovitch, L.; Quinn, R.
D.; Norris, M. 1984-01-01 The derivation of the equations of motion for the Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) is reported and the equations of motion of a similar structure orbiting the earth are also derived. The structure is assumed to undergo large rigid-body maneuvers and small elastic deformations. A perturbation approach is proposed whereby the quantities defining the rigid-body maneuver are assumed to be relatively large, with the elastic deformations and deviations from the rigid-body maneuver being relatively small.
The perturbation equations have the form of linear equations with time-dependent coefficients. An active control technique can then be formulated to permit maneuvering of the spacecraft and simultaneously suppressing the elastic vibration. • Truong, Phuc; Stein, Gila; Strzalka, Joe 2015-03-01 In many ionic block copolymer systems, the strong incompatibility between ionic and non-ionic segments will trap non-equilibrium structures in the film, making it difficult to engineer the optimal domain sizes and transport pathways. The goal of this work is to establish a framework for controlling the solid-state structure of sulfonated pentablock copolymer membranes. They have ABCBA block sequence, where A is poly(t-butyl styrene), B is poly(hydrogenated isoprene), and C is poly(styrene sulfonate).
To process into films, the polymer is dissolved in toluene/n-propanol solvent mixtures, where the solvent proportions and the polymer loading were both varied. Solution-state structure was measured with small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). We detected micelles with radii that depend on the solvent composition and polymer loading.
Film structure was measured with grazing-incidence SAXS, which shows (i) domain periodicity is constant throughout film thickness; (ii) domain periodicity depends on solvent composition and polymer loading, and approximately matches the micelle radii in solutions. The solid-state packing is consistent with a hard sphere structure factor. Results suggest that solid-state structure can be tuned by manipulating the solution-state self-assembly. • Huawei Zhu 2013-01-01 Full Text Available This paper investigates the antiwindup (AW control problem for plants with input saturation.
The AW compensator is not activated as soon as input saturation occurs as usual. A delayed decoupling structure is first proposed. Then, appropriate linear matrix inequalities (LMIs are developed to determine a plant-order AW compensator.
Effectiveness of the presented AW technique is illustrated by a fighter aircraft model. A 2015-11-01 Full Text Available In this paper the effectiveness of a solid particle damper to control structural vibration is experimentally investigated.
The vibration control performance and its influencing parameters are examined by a Multi Degree of Freedom (MDOF structure attached with a particle damper (PD under horizontal excitation. In a particle damping system damping is achieved using solid particles or granules and is a passive damping method. Here the enclosure filled with particles is attached to the primary structure undergoing vibration. As the primary structure vibrates, particles undergo inelastic collision within the enclosure resulting high amount of energy dissipation. Based on the analytical study of undamped frame in ANSYS WORKBENCH, dimensions of the frame were fixed and shake table study of a two storied steel frame with and without damper system are carried out. Learn English Through Tamil Ebook Free Download.
Results shows that effectiveness of damping depends on various parameters like mass, particle size, shape etc. The effectiveness is compared with a friction damper (FD and is observed that PD is more efficient than FD since 31.80% energy is dissipated more in PD compared to FD • Gu, Zhenyu; Patterson, Gary; Cao, Rong; Armitage, Bruce 2004-03-01 Supramolecular microgels with fractal structures were produced by engineered multifunctional molecules. The combination of static and dynamic light scattering was utilized to characterize the fractal dimension (Df) of the microgels and analyze the aggregation process of the microgels. The microgels are assembled from (1) a tetrafunctional protein (avidin), (2) a trifunctional DNA construct known as a three-way junction, and (3) a biotinylated peptide nucleic acid (PNA) that acts as a crosslinker by binding irreversibly to four equivalent binding sites on the protein and thermoreversibly to three identical binding sites on the DNA.
The structure of microgels can be controlled through different aggregation mechanisms. The initial microgels formed by titration have a compact structure with Df ˜2.6; while the reversible microgels formed from melted aggregates have an open structure with Df ˜1.8. The values are consistent with the point-cluster and the cluster-cluster aggregation mechanisms, respectively. A narrow size distribution of microgels was observed and explained in terms of the Flory theory of reversible self-assembly.
• Cardenas, Allan Jay P. [Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K2-57 Richland WA 99352 USA; 221 Science Center, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia NY 14063 USA; Ginovska, Bojana [Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K2-57 Richland WA 99352 USA; Kumar, Neeraj [Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K2-57 Richland WA 99352 USA; Hou, Jianbo [Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O.
Box 999, K2-57 Richland WA 99352 USA; Raugei, Simone [Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K2-57 Richland WA 99352 USA; Helm, Monte L. [Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K2-57 Richland WA 99352 USA; Appel, Aaron M. [Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K2-57 Richland WA 99352 USA; Bullock, R. Morris [Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O.
Box 999, K2-57 Richland WA 99352 USA; O' Hagan, Molly [Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K2-57 Richland WA 99352 USA 2016-09-27 The fastest synthetic molecular catalysts for production and oxidation of H2 emulate components of the active site of natural hydrogenases. The role of controlled structural dynamics is recognized as a critical component in the catalytic performance of many enzymes, including hydrogenases, but is largely neglected in the design of synthetic molecular cata-lysts.
In this work, the impact of controlling structural dynamics on the rate of production of H2 was studied for a series of [Ni(PPh2NC6H4-R2)2]2+ catalysts including R = n-hexyl, n-decyl, n-tetradecyl, n-octadecyl, phenyl, or cyclohexyl. A strong correlation was observed between the ligand structural dynamics and the rates of electrocatalytic hydrogen production in acetonitrile, acetonitrile-water, and protic ionic liquid-water mixtures. Specifically, the turnover frequencies correlate inversely with the rates of ring inversion of the amine-containing ligand, as this dynamic process dictates the positioning of the proton relay in the second coordination sphere and therefore governs protonation at either catalytically productive or non-productive sites. This study demonstrates that the dynamic processes involved in proton delivery can be controlled through modifications of the outer coordination sphere of the catalyst, similar to the role of the protein architecture in many enzymes. The present work provides new mechanistic insight into the large rate enhancements observed in aqueous protic ionic liquid media for the [Ni(PPh2NR2)]2+ family of catalysts. The incorporation of controlled structural dynamics as a design parameter to modulate proton delivery in molecular catalysts has enabled H2 production rates that are up to three orders of magnitude faster than the [Ni(PPh2NPh2)]2+complex. The observed turnover frequencies are up to 106 s-1 in acetonitrile-water, and over 107 s-1 in protic ionic liquid-water mixtures, with a minimal increase in overpotential.
This material is based upon work supported as part of • Nayyar, Ashutosh; Teneketzis, Demosthenis 2010-01-01 The $n$-step delayed sharing information structure is investigated. This information structure comprises of $K$ controllers that share their information with a delay of $n$ time steps. This information structure is a link between the classical information structure, where information is shared perfectly between the controllers, and a non-classical information structure, where there is no 'lateral' sharing of information among the controllers. Structural results for optimal control strategies for systems with such information structures are presented.
A sequential methodology for finding the optimal strategies is also derived. The solution approach provides an insight for identifying structural results and sequential decomposition for general decentralized stochastic control problems. • Orouskhani, Yasin; Jalili, Mahdi; Yu, Xinghuo 2016-04-01 Controlling dynamics of a network from any initial state to a final desired state has many applications in different disciplines from engineering to biology and social sciences. In this work, we optimize the network structure for pinning control. The problem is formulated as four optimization tasks: i) optimizing the locations of driver nodes, ii) optimizing the feedback gains, iii) optimizing simultaneously the locations of driver nodes and feedback gains, and iv) optimizing the connection weights. A newly developed population-based optimization technique (cat swarm optimization) is used as the optimization method.
In order to verify the methods, we use both real-world networks, and model scale-free and small-world networks. Extensive simulation results show that the optimal placement of driver nodes significantly outperforms heuristic methods including placing drivers based on various centrality measures (degree, betweenness, closeness and clustering coefficient). The pinning controllability is further improved by optimizing the feedback gains. We also show that one can significantly improve the controllability by optimizing the connection weights. L.; Lurie, B.
J.; O'Brien, J. F.; Chu, C.-C.; Smith, R. 1991-01-01 This paper describes recent advances in structural quieting technology as applied to active truss structures intended for high precision space based optics applications. Collocated active damping control loops are designed in order to impedance match piezoelectric active members to the structure.
Noncollocated control loops are also studied in relation to controlling lightly damped structures. • Taylor, Brian R. 2011-01-01 This presentation for the Fundamental Aeronautics Program Technical Conference covers the benefits of active structural control, related research areas, and focuses on the use of optimal control allocation for the prevention of critical loads. Active control of lightweight structures has the potential to reduce aircraft weight and fuel burn. Sensor, control law, materials, control effector, and system level research will be necessary to enable active control of lightweight structures. Optimal control allocation with structural feedback has been shown in simulation to be feasible in preventing critical loads and is one example of a control law to enable future lightweight aircraft.
• LI Wei; ZHU Xin-jian; CAO Guang-yi 2006-01-01 In order to reduce chattering phenomenon of variable structure control, a fuzzy variable structure control method is adopted and applied in the photovoitaic maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control system. Firstly, the electric features of PV cells and a dynamic model of photovoltaic system with a DC-DC buck converter are analysed. Then a hybrid fuzzy variable structure controller is designed. The controller is composed of a fuzzy variable structure control term and a supervisory control term. The former is the main part of the controller and the latter is used to ensure the stability of the system.
Finally, the conventional variable structure control method and the fuzzy variable structure control method are applied respectively. The comparing of simulation results shows the superiority of the latter. • Wang Ben; Ronnie Belmans 2006-01-01 A new nonlinear variable structure excitation controller is proposed. Its design combines the differential geometry theory and the variable structure controlling theory. The mathematical model in the form of 'an affine nonlinear system' is set up for the control of a large-scale power system. The static and dynamic performances of the nonlinear variable structure controller are simulated.
The response of system with the controller proposed is compared to that of the nonlinear optimal controller when the system is subjected to a variety of disturbances. Simulation results show that the nonlinear variable structure excitation controller gives more satisfactorily static and dynamic performance and better robustness. • Zhang, Xiang-Cheng; Xu, Zhao-Dong; Huang, Xing-Huai; Zhu, Jun-Tao 2013-04-01 The semi-active control technology has been paid more attention in the field of structural vibration control due to its high controllability, excellent control effect and low power requirement. When semi-active control device are used for vibration control, some challenges must be taken into account, such as the reliability and the control strategy of the device. This study presents a new large tonnage compound lead extrusion magnetorheological (CLEMR) damper, whose mathematical model is introduced to describe the variation of damping force with current and velocity. Then a current controller based on the fuzzy logic control strategy is designed to determine control currents of the CLEMR dampers rapidly. A ten-floor frame structure with CLEMR dampers using the fuzzy logic control strategy is built and calculated by using MATLAB.
Calculation results show that CLEMR dampers can reduce the seismic responses of structures effectively. Calculation results of the fuzzy logic control strategy are compared with those of the semi-active limit Hrovat control structure, the passive-off control structure, and the uncontrolled structure. Comparison results show that the fuzzy logic control strategy can determine control currents of CLEMR dampers quickly and can reduce seismic responses of the structures more effectively than the passive-off control strategy and the uncontrolled structure. • Yin, Xiaohong; Li, Shaoyuan [Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ., Shanghai (China). Of Automation; Shandong Jianzhu Univ., Jinan (China).
School of Information and Electrical Engineering; Cai, Wenjian; Ding, Xudong [Nanyang Technological Univ., Singapore (Singapore). School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2013-07-01 A control structure selection criterion which can be used to evaluate the control performance of different control structures for the vapor compression refrigeration cycle is proposed in this paper. The calculation results of the proposed criterion based on the different reduction models are utilized to determine the optimized control model structure. The effectiveness of the criterion is verified by the control effects of the model predictive control (MPC) controllers which are designed based on different model structures. The response of the different controllers applied on the actual vapor compression refrigeration system indicate that the best model structure is in consistent with the one obtained by the proposed structure selection criterion which is a trade-off between computation complexity and control performance. • S P Panda; K A Salunkhe; A M Kulkarni 2015-02-01 A Waveform Relaxation (WR) based iterative real-time playback scheme for controller testing was recently proposed in the literature along with proof-ofconcept simulations.
This scheme can be a low-cost alternative to Hardware-in-Loop simulation, as it does not require a real-time simulator. To demonstrate practical feasibility of the WR scheme, this paper presents results of experiments with real-time implementation of controllers, iteratively interacting with simulated models of power apparatus via storage and real-time play-back. Two systems are considered: a HVDC controller tested with a detailed model of the converters, and a TCSC based damping controller tested with a low frequency model of a power system. The results are validated with those obtained using simulated models of the controllers. We also present results of an experiment in which the tested HVDC controller is used to control the scaled real-life HVDC apparatus, for which a simulated model was used during controller testing.
Convergence and a good match between simulated and real-time implementation are obtained for the HVDC system. The experiments on the TCSC damping controller drawn our attention to a potential convergence problem which may arise due to iteration-dependent round-off noise. • ZHOUYa-jun; ZHAODe-you 2004-01-01 During the past three decades, fuzzy logic feedback control systems have been utilized for the suppression of structural vibration in numerous studies. With the main advantages of the fuzzy controller, the inherent robustness and ability to handle nonlinearity, uncertainty and imprecision of the structure, active structural control of offshore platforms is accomplished. The robustness of the controller has been demonstrated through the uncertainty in damping ratios of the platforms.
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The study suggests that the proposed fuzzy control algorithm of structural vibration for offshore platforms is effective and feasible,thus improving both serviceability and survival. This present method undoubtedly provides an efficient way of the active control for offshore platforms. • Yasuhide Kobayashi 2010-01-01 phase-lag is imposed by the Swinbanks' source and the rear sound interference. Thirdly, effects on control performances of control source structures are examined by control experiments with robust controllers. • 无 2008-01-01 Two new approximation laws of sliding mode for discrete-time variable structure control systems are proposed in this paper. By applying the proposed approximation laws of sliding mode to discrete-time variable structure control systems,the stability of origin can be guaranteed,and the chattering along the switching surface caused by discrete-time variable structure control can be restrained effectively.
In designing of these approximation laws,the problem that the system control input is restricted is also. • Yao, Peng; Hou, Bao-Yu; Pan, Yu-Jian; Li, Xiang 2017-01-01 Temporal network, whose topology evolves with time, is an important class of complex networks. Temporal trees of a temporal network describe the necessary edges sustaining the network as well as their active time points. By a switching controller which properly selects its location with time, temporal trees are used to improve the controllability of the network.
Therefore, more nodes are controlled within the limited time. Several switching strategies to efficiently select the location of the controller are designed, which are verified with synthetic and empirical temporal networks to achieve better control performance. PMID:28107538 • A. Moutsopoulou 2014-01-01 Full Text Available Large amplitudes and attenuating vibration periods result in fatigue, instability, and poor structural performance.
In light of past approaches in this field, this paper intends to discuss some innovative approaches in vibration control of intelligent structures, particularly in the case of structures with embedded piezoelectric materials. Control strategies are presented, such as the linear quadratic control theory, as well as more advanced theories, such as robust control theory. The paper presents sufficiently a recognizable advance in knowledge of active vibration control in intelligent structures. • Bergstra, J.A.; Middelburg, C.A. 2009-01-01 Control code is a concept that is closely related to a frequently occurring practitioner’s view on what is a program: code that is capable of controlling the behaviour of some machine. We present a logical approach to explain issues concerning control codes that are independent of the details of the • Adegas, Fabiano Daher; Stoustrup, Jakob 2011-01-01 This paper presents a new procedure to design structured controllers for discrete-time affine linear parametervarying systems (A LPV).
The class of control structures includes decentralized of any order, fixed order output feedback, simultaneous plant- control design, among others. A parametervarying.
• Thesbjerg, Leo In designing large civil engineering structures, an important consideration is prospective dynamic loadings which may include earthquake ground motion, wind gusts, severe sea states and moving vehicles, rotating and reciprocating machinery and others. Successful design of such structures requires.
Providing for the safety and integrity of the structure, and in some cases also providing for a measure of comfort for the occupants during such loading which the structure and its occupants must endure. Due to these uncertainties, the civil engineering community has traditionally adopted a very. • CHEN Wei-min; SUN Dong-chang; WANG Da-jun; WEI Jian-ping; TONG Li-yong; WANG Quan 2006-01-01 The reduction approaches are presented for vibration control of symmetric,cyclic periodic and linking structures. The condensation of generalized coordinates, the locations of sensors and actuators, and the relation between system inputs and control forces are assumed to be set in a symmetric way so that the control system posses the same repetition as the structure considered. By employing proper transformations of condensed generalized coordinates and the system inputs, the vibration control of an entire system can be implemented by carrying out the control of a number of sub- structures, and thus the dimension of the control problem can be significantly reduced. • Main, John A.; Song, Haiping 2005-01-01 The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the use of fuzzy logic controllers in modifying the figure of a piezoceramic bimorph mirror.
Non-contact electron actuation technology is used to actively control a bimorph mirror comprised two PZT-5H wafers by varying the electron flux and electron voltages. Due to electron blooming generated by the electron flux, it is difficult to develop an accurate control model for the bimorph mirror through theoretical analysis alone.
The non-contact shape control system with electron flux blooming can be approximately described with a heuristic model based on experimental data. Two fuzzy logic feedback controllers are developed to control the shape of the bimorph mirror according to heuristic fuzzy inference rules generated from previous experimental results.
Validation of the proposed fuzzy logic controllers is also discussed. • Yan ZHENG; Yuanwei JING 2006-01-01 Two approximation laws of sliding mode for discrete-time variable structure control systems are proposed to overcome the limitations of the exponential approximation law and the variable rate approximation law. By applying the proposed approximation laws of sliding mode to discrete-time variable structure control systems, the stability of origin can be guaranteed, and the chattering along the switching surface caused by discrete-time variable structure control can be restrained effectively.
In designing of approximation laws, the problem that the system control input is restricted is also considered, which is very important in practical systems. Finally a simulation example shows the effectiveness of the two approximation laws proposed.
• 1991-03-01 Freedom,' Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Cornell University, in preparation.
5I I URI Reorts Islam, Saiful and Mircea.Theoretical and Applied Mechanics I S. Islam Civil and Environmental Engineering I 2! I 3 URI Accomplishments 3 -Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos in Flexible. Structures with Symmetry,' 31 (1991) 265-285. Grigoriu, 'Nonlinear Random Vibration of Pin-Jointed Trusses with Imperfections,' in • Yurkovich, S.; Ozguner, U.; Al-Abbass, F. 1988-01-01 A decentralized model reference adaptive approach using a variable- structure sliding model control has been developed for the vibration suppression of large flexible structures. Local models are derived based upon the desired damping and response time in a model-following scheme, and variable structure controllers are then designed which employ colocated angular rate and position feedback.
Numerical simulations have been performed using NASA's flexible grid experimental apparatus. • Castaldo, Paolo 2014-01-01 The structural optimization procedure presented in this book makes it possible to achieve seismic protection through integrated structural/control system design. In particular, it is explained how slender structural systems with a high seismic performance can be achieved through inclusion of viscous and viscoelastic dampers as an integral part of the system. Readers are provided with essential introductory information on passive structural control and passive energy dissipation systems.
Dynamic analyses of both single and multiple degree of freedom systems are performed in order to verify the achievement of pre-assigned performance targets, and it is explained how the optimal integrated design methodology, also relevant to retrofitting of existing buildings, should be applied. The book illustrates how structural control research is opening up new possibilities in structural forms and configurations without compromising structural performance. • 高明; 王洪波; 郑忠安; 李占清 2002-01-01 TCSC(Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor)补偿装置具有灵活控制传输线中的功率流、改进系统的稳定性、提高传输能力等优点,提出一种考虑电阻的TCSC等效阻抗的计算方法,并用这种方法分析了TCSC的阻抗特性,对TCSC的实际应用具有指导意义. • Bosia, G.; Bremond, S 2005-07-01 In ITER Ion Cyclotron System requires a power transfer efficiency in excess of 90% from power source to plasma in quasi continuous operation. This implies the availability of a control system capable of optimizing the array radiation spectrum, automatically acquiring impedance match between the power source and the plasma loaded array at the beginning of the power pulse and maintaining it against load variations due to plasma position and plasma edge parameters fluctuations, rapidly detecting voltage breakdowns in the array and/or in the transmission system and reliably discriminating them from fast load variations. In this paper a proposal for a practical ITER control system, including power, phase, frequency and impedance matching is described. (authors) • Zhang, Zili 2015-01-01 The present thesis deals with fundamental researches on passive and active vibration control of renewable energy structures, and provides useful models for practical applications.
Effective and robust vibration control methods have been explored for mitigating the lightly damped edgewise blade vibration and lateral tower vibration, with the main focus on structural control devices. Rigorous theoretical modeling of different dynamic system has been established, based on which detailed design a. • Feddema, J.T.; Robinett, R.D.; Driessen, B.J. 1997-10-01 This paper describes how variable structure control can be used to describe the overall behavior of multiple autonomous robotic vehicles with simple finite state machine rules. The importance of this result is that it allows for the design of provably asymptotically stable group behaviors from a set of simple control laws and appropriate switching points with variable structure control. The ability to prove convergence to a goal is especially important for applications such as locating military targets or land mines.
• Su, Tzu-Jeng; Juang, Jer-Nan 1994-01-01 This paper presents a novel method to design decentralized controllers for large complex flexible structures by using the idea of joint decoupling. Decoupling of joint degrees of freedom from the interior degrees of freedom is achieved by setting the joint actuator commands to cancel the internal forces exerting on the joint degrees of freedom. By doing so, the interactions between substructures are eliminated. The global structure control design problem is then decomposed into several substructure control design problems.
Control commands for interior actuators are set to be localized state feedback using decentralized observers for state estimation. The proposed decentralized controllers can operate successfully at the individual substructure level as well as at the global structure level. Not only control design but also control implementation is decentralized. A two-component mass-spring-damper system is used as an example to demonstrate the proposed method. • 王泉; 王大钧; 苏先樾 1994-01-01 This paper introduces the concept and criteria of controllability and degree of controllability for structural wave control, and advances a new approach to structural reduced-order model, which is similar to the constrained substructural method in dynamics, and is also the extension of the method of aggregation raised by Aoki. It has physical meaning and is easy to realize.
• Satyam Paul 2016-01-01 estimation of velocity and position from acceleration signals, and optimal placement of the sensors and control devices. The importance of control devices and its applications to minimize bidirectional vibrations has been illustrated. Finally, the applications of structural control systems in real buildings and their performance have been reviewed. • Kerboua, M.; Benguediab, M.; Megnounif, A.; Benrahou, K. H.; Kaoulala, F.
Structural control for civil structures was born out of a need to provide safer and more efficient designs with the reality of limited resources. The purpose of structural control is to absorb and to reflect the energy introduced by dynamic loads such as winds, waves, earthquakes, and traffic.
Today, the protection of civil structures from severe dynamic loading is typically achieved by allowing the structures to be damaged. Semi-active control devices, also called 'smart' control devices, assume the positive aspects of both the passive and active control devices.
A semi-active control strategy is similar to the active control strategy. Only here, the control actuator does not directly apply force to the structure, but instead it is used to control the properties of a passive energy device, a controllable passive damper. Semi-active control strategies can be used in many of the same civil applications as passive and active control. One method of operating smart cable dampers is in a purely passive capacity, supplying the dampers with constant optimal voltage. The advantages to this strategy are the relative simplicity of implementing the control strategy as compared to a smart or active control strategy and that the dampers are more easily optimally tuned in- place, eliminating the need to have passive dampers with unique optimal damping coefficients.
This research investigated semi-active control of civil structures for natural hazard mitigation. The research has two components, the seismic protection of buildings and the mitigation of wind-induced vibration in structures. An ideal semi-active motion equation of a composite beam that consists of a cantilever beam bonded with a PZT patch using Hamilton's principle and Galerkin's method was treated. A series R-L and a parallel R-L shunt circuits are coupled into the motion equation respectively by means of the constitutive relation of piezoelectric material and Kirchhoff's law to control the beam vibration. A • Tamayo-Galvan, V.E.; Segovia-Hernandez, J.G.; Hernandez, S.; Hernandez, H. [Guanajuato Univ.
Faculty of Chemistry 2008-02-15 Distillation columns can consume a large portion of energy in chemical industry processes. Integrated Petlyuk columns have been shown to improve energy efficiencies by between 20 and 40 per cent, and thermally coupled distillation columns can serve as an alternative to conventional distillation sequences in multicomponent mixture separation processes. Until recently, operational difficulties have limited the wider introduction of Petlyuk columns in industrial applications. Alternative Petlyuk-type schemes have now been developed to provide improved operation properties. This paper discussed, evaluated, and compared the theoretical control properties of 6 different Petlyuk schemes.
Computations were performed using a singular value decomposition (SVD) technique in the frequency domain. Dynamic closed-loop responses for set point tracking, and disturbance rejections were derived in order to support each scheme's theoretical control properties. Results of the comparative evaluation demonstrated that reductions in the number of interconnections and the use of unidirectional flows impacted the dynamic properties of the schemes, and led to operational improvements in thermally coupled distillation sequences. It was concluded that Petyluk properties can be improved through the correction of the bidirectionality of interconnecting streams. 30 refs., 10 tabs., 9 figs. • Cortese, Barbara; Morgan, Hywel 2012-01-10 Surfaces play an important role in defining the properties of materials, controlling wetting, adsorption, or desorption of biomolecules, and sealing/bonding of different materials. We have combined microscale features with plasma-etched nanoscale roughness and chemical modification to tailor the wettability of the substrates.
Cyclic olefin polymers and copolymers (COPs/COCs) were processed to make a range of surfaces with controlled superhydrophobic or -hydrophilic properties. The hydrophobic properties of the polymers were increased by the introduction of microstructures of varying geometry and spacing through hot embossing.
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The COC/COP substrates were functionalized by plasma activation in O(2), CF(4), and a mixture of both gases. The plasma etching introduces nanoscale roughness and also chemically modifies the surface, creating either highly hydrophilic or highly hydrophobic (contact angle >150°) surfaces depending on the gas mixture. The influence of geometry and chemistries was characterized by atomic force microscopy, contact angle measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Measurements of the contact angle and contact angle hysteresis demonstrated long-term stability of the superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic characteristics (>6 months). • Mirletz, Brian T.; Park, In-Won; Flemons, Thomas E.; Agogino, Adrian K.; Quinn, Roger D.; SunSpiral, Vytas 2014-01-01 We present a methodology enabled by the NASA Tensegrity Robotics Toolkit (NTRT) for the rapid structural design of tensegrity robots in simulation and an approach for developing control systems using central pattern generators, local impedance controllers, and parameter optimization techniques to determine effective locomotion strategies for the robot. Biomimetic tensegrity structures provide advantageous properties to robotic locomotion and manipulation tasks, such as their adaptability and force distribution properties, flexibility, energy efficiency, and access to extreme terrains.
While strides have been made in designing insightful static biotensegrity structures, gaining a clear understanding of how a particular structure can efficiently move has been an open problem. The tools in the NTRT enable the rapid exploration of the dynamics of a given morphology, and the links between structure, controllability, and resulting gait efficiency. To highlight the effectiveness of the NTRT at this exploration of morphology and control, we will provide examples from the designs and locomotion of four different modular spine-like tensegrity robots. • Phillips, Douglas J.; Hyland, David C.; Collins, Emmanuel G., Jr. 1990-01-01 Active vibration control of flexible structures for future space missions is addressed. Three experiments that successfully demonstrate control of flexible structures are described.
The first is the pendulum experiment. The structure is a 5-m compound pendulum and was designed as an end-to-end test bed for a linear proof mass actuator and its supporting electronics. Experimental results are shown for a maximum-entropy/optimal-projection controller designed to achieve 5 percent damping in the first two pendulum modes. The second experiment was based upon the Harris Multi-Hex prototype experiment (MHPE) apparatus.
This is a large optical reflector structure comprising a seven-panel array and supporting truss which typifies a number of generic characteristics of large space systems. The third experiment involved control design and implementation for the ACES structure at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. The authors conclude with some remarks on the lessons learned from conducting these experiments. • Liu, Yan; Xiu, Yonghao; Hess, Dennis W; Wong, C P 2010-06-01 Superoleophobic surfaces display contact angles >150 degrees with liquids that have lower surface energies than does water. The design of superoleophobic surfaces requires an understanding of the effect of the geometrical shape of etched silicon surfaces on the contact angle and hysteresis observed when different liquids are brought into contact with these surfaces. This study used liquid-based metal-assisted etching and various silane treatments to create superoleophobic surfaces on a Si(111) surface.
Etch conditions such as the etch time and etch solution concentration played critical roles in establishing the oleophobicity of Si(111). When compared to Young's contact angle, the apparent contact angle showed a transition from a Cassie to a Wenzel state for low-surface-energy liquids as different silane treatments were applied to the silicon surface. These results demonstrated the relationship between the re-entrant angle of etched surface structures and the contact angle transition between Cassie and Wenzel behavior on etched Si(111) surfaces. • Malchow, Harvey L. 1988-01-01 An alternative structure for control systems is proposed.
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The structure is represented by a three-element block diagram and three functional definitions. It is argued that the three functional elements form a canonical set. The set includes the functions description, estimation and control. General overlay of the structure on parallel state and nested-state control systems is discussed. Breakdown of two real nested-state control systems into the proposed functional format is displayed. Application of the process to the mapping of complex control systems R and D efforts is explained with the Mars Rover Sample and Return mission as an example. A previous application of this basic functional structure to Space Station performance requirements organization is discussed.
• Soh, Chee-Kiong; Bhalla, Suresh 2012-01-01 'Smart Materials in Structural Health Monitoring, Control and Biomechanics' presents the latest developments in structural health monitoring, vibration control and biomechanics using smart materials. The book mainly focuses on piezoelectric, fibre optic and ionic polymer metal composite materials. It introduces concepts from the very basics and leads to advanced modelling (analytical/ numerical), practical aspects (including software/ hardware issues) and case studies spanning civil, mechanical and aerospace structures, including bridges, rocks and underground structures. This book is intended for practicing engineers, researchers from academic and R&D institutions and postgraduate students in the fields of smart materials and structures, structural health monitoring, vibration control and biomedical engineering. Professor Chee-Kiong Soh and Associate Professor Yaowen Yang both work at the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Suresh Bhalla is an A.
1995-07-01 An introduction to fuzzy logic control applied to the active structural control to reduce the dynamic response of structures subjected to earthquake excitations is presented. It is hoped that this presentation will increase the attractiveness of the methodology to structural engineers in research as well as in practice. The basic concept of the fuzzy logic control are explained by examples and by diagrams with a minimum of mathematics. The effectiveness and simplicity of the fuzzy logic control is demonstrated by a numerical example in which the response of a single-degree-of-freedom system subjected to earthquake excitations is controlled by making use of the fuzzy logic controller. In the example, the fuzzy rules are first learned from the results obtained from linear control theory; then they are fine tuned to improve their performance.
It is shown that the performance of fuzzy logic control surpasses that of the linear control theory. The paper shows that linear control theory provides experience for fuzzy logic control, and fuzzy logic control can provide better performance; therefore, two controllers complement each other.
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Zucker Korea:: Woman's Melody Subject [생활] 밥상에서 더하고 빼야할 음식들 Name 쥬커코리아 Date 2007-05-25 13:52:50 Hit 4934 File: 우리 집 밥상에서 더할 음식 & 뺄 음식 ● 열량만 높은 흰쌀밥 _흰 쌀은 도정 과정에서 비타민, 미네랄, 섬유소 등 좋은 영양소가 다 떨어져 나가고 당과 탄수화물 성분만 남아서 열량이 높아지기 때문에 흰 쌀밥만 먹으면 영양의 불균형을 초래할 수 있다. 최소 하루에 2끼는 잡곡밥을 먹는 것이 건강에 좋다. 잡곡밥을 지을 때는 5가지 이상의 잡곡을 섞는 게 좋지만 처음부터 이렇게 지어 먹으면 부담스러울 수 있으므로 좋아하는 잡곡 위주로 2~3가지를 골라서 밥을 지어 먹다가 익숙해지면 잡곡의 가짓수를 늘리도록 한다. ● 화학 성분의 집합체 라면 _라면을 튀길 때 사용하는 기름과 염분, 스프 속의 인공 조미료는 우리 몸에 좋지 않은 화학 성분들로 가득하다. 그러나 이틀에 한 번 꼴로 라면이 먹고 싶어지는 이유는 그만큼 우리의 입맛이 맵고, 얼큰한 자극적인 맛에 길들여져 있기 때문이다. 라면은 되도록이면 먹지 않는 것이 좋지만 안 먹을 수도 없는 일이다. 그렇다면 유해물질을 최소화해 먹도록 하자.
우선 라면을 끓는 물에 한 번 삶아 건진 뒤 끓인다. 라면 속에 함유된 기름이나 산화방지제 같은 유해 성분을 빼낼 수 있다. 또한 라면을 끓일 때는 당근, 양파, 고추 등 신선한 야채를 곁들이거나 달걀을 넣으면 영양을 보충할 수 있다. 스프는 될 수 있으면 사용하지 말고 간장이나 된장, 멸치다시마국물에 끓여 먹는 것도 좋은 방법이다.
● 방부제가 들어 있는 식용유 _콩이나 옥수수로 만든 식용유에는 핵산이라는 유기용매와 유통기한 때문에 들어갈 수밖에 없는 산화방지제, 방부제가 첨가되어 있다. 이런 성분들은 사람에 따라 혈액이나 뇌신경에 영향을 미치기도 한다. 또한 우리나라에서 만든 식용유의 원료가 되는 콩은 모두 수입산으로 가능하면 다른 기름으로 대체해서 사용하는 것이 좋다. 식용유 대신 현미유, 해바라기씨유, 올리브오일이나 포도씨오일, 들기름, 참기름 등의 식물성 기름을 사용한다.
특히 올리브오일은 열을 가해도 산패 속도가 더디고 콜레스테롤이 전혀 없으며, 비타민과 칼슘, 노화 방지 효소가 풍부하기 때문에 식용유 대신 사용하기에 손색없다. 고온에서 튀기는 조리에는 퓨어 올리브오일을 사용하고 나물무침이나 조림 등에는 들기름이나 참기름을 넣는다. ● 건강에는 ‘쓴’ 설탕 _설탕은 오로지 당으로만 이루어진 음식이라 몸속에 들어가면 혈당 조절을 어렵게 만들고 저항력, 기억력, 면역력 등을 떨어뜨린다. 설탕 대신 단맛이 나는 부재료를 넣어보자. 볶음이나 조림, 구이 등에는 열을 가하면 단맛이 증가하는 양파나 무 등의 야채를 함께 넣으면 좋다. 또 각종 양념장이나 소스에는 유자즙, 양파즙, 사과즙, 파인애플즙 같은 과일즙을 첨가하여 단맛을 내고 김치를 담글 때도 설탕 대신 양파나 배 등을 넣으면 충분히 단맛을 낼 수 있다.
또 단맛을 좋아하는 아이들에게 인공감미료가 듬뿍 들어간 과자 대신 단호박이나 고구마, 곶감 등을 간식으로 해주는 것도 좋다. 매실청이나 유자청은 거의 모든 요리를 할 때 설탕 대신 사용할 수 있다. ● 성인병의 원인 소금 _우리나라 사람들의 식습관 가운에 가장 문제가 되는 것이 바로 과다한 염분 섭취다. 염분을 과다하게 섭취할 경우 위염, 심하면 위암을 초래하고 고혈압, 비만 등의 성인병을 부른다. 정제한 꽃소금이나 조미료가 가미된 맛소금보다는 국내산 천일염을 사용한다. 천일염도 팬에 한 번 볶으면 불순물이나 독성이 빠지므로 우리 몸에 덜 해롭다. 또 불순물을 제거한 구운 소금을 사용하는 것도 좋다.
되도록이면 소금 대신 재래식으로 담근 간장이나 된장, 고추장 등의 전통 장을 이용하거나 액젓을 이용하여 짠맛을 내도록 하자. 또 가능하면 짜고 걸쭉한 찌개보다는 물의 양이 많은 국으로 끓이는 것이 좋다.
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국물요리는 여러 번 데우면 간이 짜지므로 가능하면 1~2번 먹을 분량씩만 끓이도록 하고 간이 짜졌을 때는 감자나 두부, 양파, 무 등의 야채를 더 넣어 짠맛을 조절하도록 하자. ● 화학첨가물 가득한 통조림류 _통조림은 식품을 가공하는 과정에서 여러 가지 화학첨가물이나 방부제, 산화방지제 등을 첨가한다. 또한 캔의 원료가 되는 알루미늄 용기는 수은이나 납 등으로부터 안전하지 못하다. 같은 가공식품이라도 알루미늄 캔에 들어 있는 것보다는 병에 들어 있는 제품을 구입한다. 조리할 때는 내용물을 용기에서 꺼내 국물을 따라내고 반드시 끓는 물에 한 번 데친다.
가능하면 개봉 뒤 한 번에 다 먹도록 하고 먹다 남은 것은 다른 용기에 옮겨 담아서 보관하되, 2~3일 안에 다 먹도록 한다. ● 잔류농약 우려되는 밀가루 식품 _우리가 슈퍼에서 흔히 구할 수 있는 밀가루는 모두 수입산 밀로 만든 것이다. 밀가루는 수확 후에도 농약 처리를 하기 때문에 과다한 농약 성분이 잠재되어 있어 문제다.
그리고 보관, 운송, 제품 생산 등의 여러 과정을 거치며 수확 후 많은 시간이 흘러야 구입할 수 있게 되는데 그동안 제품의 변질을 막기 위해 산화방지제, 방부제, 표백제 등의 첨가물이 들어간다. 농약이나 살충제를 거의 사용하지 않는 우리밀이나 우리밀로 만든 식품을 이용한다. 우리밀은 수입 밀보다 인체 면역 기능이 두 배나 높고, 노화 방지 효과도 뛰어나다. 밀가루로 만든 식품은 대부분 빵이나 과자, 케이크 등 간식류인데 이런 식품 대신 떡이나 과일로 만든 스낵류, 감자나 고구마로 만든 과자, 쌀로 만든 과자 등을 먹는 것이 좋다. ● 성인병에 좋은 해조류 _다시마, 미역 등의 해조류는 고혈압이나 당뇨, 비만 등의 성인병에 효과가 있으며 체내의 중금속을 흡착하여 배출하는 해독 효과가 뛰어나다. 해조류는 미역국을 해서 먹거나 미역무침, 다시마쌈 등으로 먹으면 된다.
특히 미역초무침을 해서 먹으면 좋은데 미역이나 다시마에 오이나 양파, 무 등을 함께 넣어 새콤달콤한 초무침으로 만들어 먹으면 식욕을 돋운다. 심심하게 간하면 많은 양을 먹을 수 있다. 또 다시마 우린 물을 모든 국물요리에 이용하면 좋다. 다시마가루를 만들어 각종 국물요리, 무침이나 볶음, 조림 등에 천연 조미료로 활용하는 것도 좋다. ● 영양의 보고 등푸른 생선 _생선의 지방에는 DHA, EPA라는 우리 몸에 좋은 성분이 많이 들어 있다. DHA는 고등어, 꽁치 등의 등푸른 생선에 많이 들어 있는데 두뇌활동 촉진은 물론 동맥경화, 천식, 아토피성 피부염, 암 예방에도 탁월한 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다.
생선을 튀기면 DHA가 50~60% 정도 손실되기 때문에 가능한 한 회나 조림으로 먹는 것이 좋다. 구이를 할 때는 너무 오래 굽지 않도록 하고 조림으로 먹을 때는 간을 싱겁게 해서 양념국물까지 먹어 국물에 녹아 있는 DHA를 섭취하도록 하자.
● 암 예방에 좋은 토마토 _토마토의 붉은색 색소에 함유된 리코펜 성분은 전립선암이나 유방암 예방에 탁월한 효과가 있다. 또 비타민 C가 풍부해 신진대사를 원활하게 해준다. 토마토는 전 세계에서 건강식품으로 애용하고 있는 일상식품이지만 우리나라에서는 과일로 취급받는 야채다. 토마토의 비타민 C를 섭취하기 위해선 생것으로 먹는 것이 가장 좋지만 사실상 기름에 볶거나 삶거나 끓여서 먹는 것이 더 효과적이다. 잘게 다져서 소스로 만들어 먹는다거나 버섯, 양파, 가지, 호박 등의 야채와 함께 올리브오일에 굽거나 재어 먹으면 좋다. 치즈와 함께 샐러드로 즐기거나 수프로 끓여 먹는 방법도 있으니 매일 토마토 1개 분량을 먹는 것을 습관화하도록 하자. ● 항암 효과 큰 마늘 _마늘의 강한 냄새는 매운맛의 정체인 알리신 때문이다.
알리신은 강한 항균 작용을 하고 체력을 증강시키는 데 효과가 크다. 꾸준히 먹으면 수족냉증, 동맥경화를 예방할 수 있고, 피로를 풀어주며 무엇보다도 항암 효과가 탁월하다. 마늘은 생것으로 먹는 것이 가장 효과적이지만 매운맛 때문에 생것으로 먹기 힘든 식품이다. 양념으로 이용하는 것 이외에 장아찌나 초절임 등으로 담가서 수시로 먹는 것이 좋다. 마늘은 열을 가해도 영양 성분이 많이 파괴되지 않기 때문에 마늘 냄새를 특히 싫어하는 사람이라면 익혀서 먹는 것도 좋은 방법. 생마늘을 삶은 뒤 참기름에 살짝 볶거나 얇게 저며 기름에 볶아도 마늘 냄새가 많이 사라진다. ● 고단백 저지방 식품 견과류 _잣이나 땅콩, 호두 등의 견과류는 대표적인 고단백 저지방 식품이다.
또한 우리 몸에 유익한 불포화지방산이 풍부하고, 두뇌활동을 도와 성장기 어린이에게는 학습활동을 좋게 하고 노인들에게는 기억력을 증진시켜 치매 예방에도 효과적이다. 견과류는 매일 빠짐없이 먹는 것이 좋다. 늘 손에 닿는 곳에 두고 하루에 몇 알씩 집어 먹도록 하자. 또한 곱게 가루를 내어 볶음밥에 뿌리거나 그라탱에 넣어주면 아이들도 잘 먹는다.
멸치나 오징어포 같은 건어물로 조림 반찬을 만들 때 호두나 땅콩 같은 견과류를 넣어도 좋다. 샐러드에 견과류를 넣어 먹어도 좋고 아몬드나 땅콩 같은 것을 으깬 뒤 튀김옷을 입혀 튀겨 아이들 간식으로 주어도 좋다.
현재획득올리브 평균 - 현재까지 0분의 회원님께서 올리브를 주셨습니다. - 해당 평균올리브를 반영하여 커뮤니티순위가 산정됩니다. 공정한 평가를 부탁드립니다. 통신예절에 어긋나거나, 본 사이트의 취지와 맞지 않는 글은 경고 없이 삭제될 수 있습니다. 2009-09-10 14:46:24 EBxHFq, [url=[link=2009-09-10 14:48:47 68VHjo, [url=[link=2009-09-25 03:61 1128 2009-09-25 05:55:21 ipfl:( 2009-10-11 21:32:21 As a result of the continued successful implementation of its expansion plan Interpharm 's revenues increased to a record 63.:PPP:[[:-DD 19042:(( 2009-10-11 23:39:52 If you do not digest your food correctly it cannot nourish you. 6160 7818 9891%-[ 6-10-12 01:13:12 For a limited time such assertions can be true. >:(( 1953:-D =[[%PPP 8082 2009-10-12 01:28:09 Breathing deeply can also help control your anger.
=-] 680 >:-DD vkj advp 2009-10-12 05:59:37 This won t help ' 'why do you let yourself be taken for granted? Qbor zjgwhe =)) yqwrv 59276 deki 2009-10-12 07:12:11 This amazing phone with high resolution camera can be used as a substitute for your digital camera. 2654 314 815 5-10-23 05:26:41 For example picking up a soft ball about the size of a grapefruit and move it from one basket to another. Lzplrb -10-23 05:33:09 Every household 039 s position will vary but these categories make up the basics of homeowners 039 insurance. Wxylf:-PPP 2009-12-09 21:22:52 This is the reason why new treatments continue to enter the market for male impotence. 65691 8-) =( 2009-12-09 21:42:27%]]] 2 2009-12-10 00:53:49 Scharf PhD another co-author of the study.
He tells WebMD that these problems 'should resolve with effective treatment but that takes two to four weeks.
Because of the layout of the DXF created in HiCAD neXt 2008, LVD CADMAN B3D can create NC file for the bending machine (reading the DXF files in batch). LVD Easyform description and demo GWB Machine Tools Australia Learn more about GWB Machine Tools at Easy-Form® precision. LVD PPEB CADMAN Press Brakes for sale by Aleco Machinery Sales - - Wisconsin, United States - #307402.
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LVD Easyform description and demo GWB Machine Tools Australia Learn more about GWB Machine Tools at Easy-Form® precision press brakes are based upon LVD's enormously successful PPEB Series equipped with state-of-the-art hydraulics and electronics and are offered in multi-axis configurations to suit a broad range of bending applications. Press brakes up to 320 tons are designed and built utilizing a welded one-piece frame, machined without repositioning and stress relieved by vibration, guaranteeing machine precision. All Easy-Form® press brakes now feature the new and exclusive CADMAN® Touch CNC control. CADMAN® Touch is a new intuitive, intelligent and powerful PC based CNC control with allows users to shorten ‘Art to Part’ time and to ensure optimal bending results are achieved from the first part. Complete with an on board Windows® operating system and LVD’s CADMAN-B 3D programming software. CADMAN® Touch utilises a totally new icon driven touch screen system to allow users to release the full potential of LVD’s bending technology.
CADMAN® Touch works with LVD’s ‘Intelligent database system with thousand of previous ‘real’ bending results being held in the machine. LVD’s interactive databases store all the ‘live’ data the users will need including, optimised flange lengths, bend allowances, angle corrections and spring-back.
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LVD’s ‘Intelligent Bend Database’ learning feature ensures that the users ‘real’ results are stored in the machines and offline database further optimising the performance of the machine as it is used. All Easy-Form® press brakes feature LVD's patented Easy-Form® in process angle correction and monitoring system. The system utilises a twin laser camera system that is mounted at the front and rear of the tooling set.
The system in real-time monitors the angle of the bend providing instant feedback to the CADMAN® Touch control ensuring that parts are bent to the correct angle from the first bend. The combination of LVD’s new CADMAN® Touch, Easy-Form® Laser adaptive forming system and the high quality design of the press brake ensures high accuracy and consistency from the first to the last part. These user-generated databases, created by actual bending results, are searched and applied each time a part program is generated. This automatic optimization of the part program eliminates trial bending, and reduces the time required to produce a quality part. The Easy-Form® system links automatically with LVD's unique 'Intelligent' learning databases to ensure perfect control of all bending parameters with perfect bending - from the first part! CADMAN-B 3D software is standard in the machine control and is available as an offline programming system. The databases developed and maintained in the Easy-Form® press brake can be duplicated and downloaded to the offline system.
Having actual bending technologies available prior to part creation eliminates unwanted errors in the actual blank generation prior to bending, and assures accurate part tolerances throughout the process. LVD’s Easy-Form® press brakes - 'First Part, Right Part, Every Time! Ideal for high accuracy, flexible and demanding applications Ultilises LVD's patented Easy-Form® in process angle monitoring and correction system New intuitive and intelligent CADMAN® Touch PC based control ensures reduces ‘Art to Part’ time and optimises bending results Easy-Form® system links automatically with LVD's unique 'Intelligent' learning database ensuring perfect control of all bending parameters with perfect bending - from the first part! Multiple operating modes ensure fastest 'Art to Part' times Full offline integration and programming via CADMAN-B 3D software LVD Teleservice capability via network and internet connection CNC crowning V-axis standard over 2.0 metres LVD vertical load and LVD classic tooling options available (Euro style via converter) Machine has many configurable options at point of order: open height, stroke, throat and gap. Back gauging options available: Easy-Form® - 8 - X, X', R, Z1 and Z2 Easy-Form® Modular X1, X2, R1, R2, Z1 and Z2 Models Available: Easy-Form® - 8 axes - 80/15 - 80 ton by 1.5 metre up to 640 ton by 8 metre..
GWB Machine Tools Unit 1 71 Richland Ave Coopers Plains Qld Australia 4108 info@gwbtools.com.au..